• Reference Number: HEY-193/2022
• Departments: Radiotherapy
• Last Updated: 2 June 2023

Introduction

This leaflet has been produced to give you general information about your External Beam Radiotherapy EBRT. This leaflet should answer most of your questions. It is intended to add information to the discussion between you and the healthcare team, and may act as a starting point for discussion. If after reading it, you have any concerns or require further explanation, please discuss this with a member of the healthcare team.

What is External Beam Radiotherapy EBRT?

What is External Beam Radiotherapy EBRT?

EBRT is the use of high energy X-rays to treat cancer. It works by causing damage to the cancer cells in the treatment area.  Although some normal healthy cells are also damaged, these are able to recover and repair themselves.  It is delivered using a machine called a Linear Accelerator or Linac for short. The picture shows the two different types of linear accelerators we have within the department. We will refer to External Beam Radiotherapy as “EBRT” throughout this leaflet.

 

TrueBeam™ Linac                                                              Halcyon™ Linac

In order to give the healthy cells time to recover, your clinician will prescribe a number of EBRT treatments, which is delivered daily Monday to Friday (sometimes weekends) over a period of days/weeks, however you may not start EBRT on a Monday. You will be in the department approximately 30minutes for each session.

EBRT does not make you radioactive and you are safe to be around others (including children) whilst you are having treatment.  For more information, please refer to the leaflet ‘Introduction to Radiotherapy Treatment’ or speak to a member of your Healthcare Team.

EBRT treatment is commonly used in cancer treatment.  It may also be combined with other treatments including Surgery and/or Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy, (SACT).  Before you start your treatment, your clinician will discuss your treatment options with you and ask for your consent.

Systemic Anti-Cancer Treatment (SACT) (Chemotherapy) and EBRT

If you are undergoing SACT, treatment along with EBRT you may be required to attend for SACT treatment before you can start your EBRT.   You may also be having SACT at the same time as your EBRT.  Your clinician will discuss this with you if it is necessary.

Planning your EBRT

EBRT is designed individually for each patient so before you can start we will need to plan your treatment. This will mean a visit to our CT scanner for an EBRT planning scan so we can plan your treatment. This will be at the Queen’s Centre at Castle Hill Hospital.

Using the scans from your CT, the Radiotherapy Planning Team will work with your clinician to create a personalised treatment plan based on the precise shape, size and location of the tumour. If your treatment is after your tumour removal surgery, then we will take scans to examine the area where the tumour was removed.

For more information, please refer to the leaflet ‘Introduction to Radiotherapy CT Planning’.

Radiotherapy CT Scanner

Radiotherapy Department Photograph

For this CT planning scan, you will be positioned comfortably on the couch, It is important that you are comfortable as this will be the position you will be in for your daily treatment. If you are not comfortable, please inform a member of staff at the time so adjustments may be made.

For your CT planning and treatment appointments, you will have to uncover the area of your body that will be receiving treatment.

For this CT planning scan, you will be positioned comfortably on the couch, It is important that you are comfortable as this will be the position you will be in for your daily treatment. If you are not comfortable, please inform a member of staff at the time so adjustments may be made.

For your CT planning and treatment appointments, you will have to uncover the area of your body that will be receiving treatment.

Permanent Skin Marks, Tattoos

During your initial planning appointment, pen marks will be, drawn onto your skin, to ‘mark on’ the treatment site. As these pen marks will wash off, we prefer to make very small permanent skin marks before you leave the department. These permanent marks are made using a very fine needle and tattooing ink, and provide a mark that we can use for reference for your treatment. Permanent marks mean you are able to bathe and shower during treatment as normal.

What happens during my treatment?

A member of staff will escort you into the treatment room and ask you your name, date of birth and address for identification purposes.

The treatment machines and rooms are very large and can appear quite overwhelming when you see them for the first time. You may need to partly undress and put on a gown, or just expose the area of treatment once on the treatment couch; the therapeutic radiographers will discuss this with you when you first attend the department. Once inside the treatment room you will be assisted into the correct position for treatment on the couch. This will be the same position you were in when you had your CT planning scan. The therapeutic radiographers may physically move you slightly, to align the tattoos we gave you at your initial planning appointment. You will then, be moved nearer the treatment machine and the staff will then leave the treatment room to switch on the Linac.  You will only be alone for a few minutes. The therapeutic radiographers are watching you on the closed circuit TV (CCTV) monitor, throughout treatment. This image is not recorded or stored; it is purely for patient safety. During treatment, you will not see or feel anything apart from the couch and possibly the machine moving into position and a buzzing noise whilst the external beam radiotherapy is being delivered.

Review appointments during treatment

You will have regular reviews with the therapeutic radiographers and/or radiotherapy nurses as you progress through your treatment.  Please be honest with your answers as they can offer advice to ease any side effects that you may be suffering. If necessary, they may be refer you to our on call medical team for their assistance.

 Side effects

Radiotherapy causes damage to you body’s healthy cells only within the treatment area, as well as cancer cells, and as a result, you may experience some side effects from your treatment. If you have any concerns, please ask one of the therapeutic radiographers or radiotherapy support team within the department.

EARLY SIDE EFFECTS:

These can happen during the course of, or within 3 months of finishing your radiotherapy treatment. If they occur during your course of EBRT, please inform the therapeutic radiographers or nurses, as they can advise you how to reduce the effects. If you have finished your treatment, please contact your GP.

These side effects are temporary and include:

Skin

Your skin, within the treated area, may become discoloured and itchy. To help your skin feel better you should wash the area gently. Use a soft towel and pat the area dry, do not rub. Skin reactions can get worse for a week or two after the external beam radiotherapy is finished and you should continue to follow the advice given by the therapeutic radiographers or member of the radiotherapy support team. The treatment area will be sensitive to the sun during treatment and continue to protect the treated area from the sun for at least one year after you have finished treatment. Because your skin will be more sensitive, we advise you use sunscreen with SPF 50.

Hair loss

Only hair in the treated area will stop growing and may fall out. At your treatment consent, a member of the clinical team will tell you if you might lose your hair. Sometimes hair will not grow back after treatment.

 Fatigue/Tiredness

Radiotherapy can make you feel tired so it is important to rest as much as you feel you need, but you are encouraged to maintain some gentle exercise. It is important to drink plenty of fluids, approximately 2 litres of water a day. We do not recommend alcohol.

 Urinary Problems

You may experience some urinary symptoms; these include burning or stinging sensation when you pass urine, also known as cystitis. Passing urine more frequently, especially during the night (nocturia). An increased urgency to pass urine but unable to do so. An increased urgency to pass urine and do so.

Following these steps may help with the symptoms, ensure that you are drinking the recommended 2 litres of water every day and increase if necessary. Try to limit/avoid smoking; drinking alcohol and caffeinated drinks (i.e. tea, coffee, and cola) because they can make urinary problems worse as they can irritate the bladder. Drinking a daily glass of cranberry juice may help prevent urinary infections. Cranberry juice, is not recommended, if you are taking Warfarin

Bowel Problems

Changes in your bowel habits/motions may occur as radiotherapy may irritate the bowel.  These can include, Loose motions/diarrhoea, hard stools/constipation, the urge to want to open your bowels more frequently but without passing anything (Tenesmus) or only passing a small stool, cramping pains in your tummy or back passage, passing more wind, passing mucus or small amounts of blood when you empty your bowels.

If you have a history of Haemorrhoids (piles), EBRT can cause them to flare up please do not use any preparations you may have at home for this problem a certain creams may interfere with your radiotherapy treatment.

We do not recommend you alter your diet drastically in any way but if you do begin to experience any of the above symptoms speak to a therapeutic radiographer or nurse who will be able to advise you further.

Pregnancy

It is advisable that you do not become pregnant while having cancer treatment because the radiotherapy/chemotherapy/immunotherapy can have an effect on the unborn child. It is suggested that you use a barrier form of contraception (e.g. condoms). Please speak with your healthcare team if you have any questions.

LATE SIDE EFFECTS:

These can occur many months to years after your radiotherapy has finished. These late side effects are hard to predict and can unfortunately be permanent, these will be written on your consent form after your discussion with your clinician.

Second malignancy

Radiotherapy may increase your risk of developing a different type of cancer later in life. The chance of this is very small. The risk is far less than the benefits of treating the first cancer with radiotherapy. Please talk to your clinician if you are at all worried about this. This is a very rare long-term side effect and typically takes 12-15 years to develop.

Bladder & Bowel

Once the acute effects of EBRT have settled most people go back to their normal urinary and bowel function. You may find you have a ‘new’ normal, which may be more frequent or urgent passing of urine or opening your bowels. It is possible you could pass a small amount of blood, in your urine or when you have opened your bowels. This is due to thin blood vessels forming in the bladder or rectum as a result of EBRT and settles for most people. You should report this to your GP if it does not as it will need to be investigated in the normal manner.

Some people find their flow of urine is slower over time or that it is difficult to control the direction. It may be a result of narrowing of your urethra and can be treated by your urologist.

Impotence (difficulties in getting an erection)

Erectile dysfunction can be a result of EBRT, hormone treatment or surgery. If this happens, it will be several months after your treatment. If this is a problem for you, please discuss it with your clinician.

Fertility

EBRT to the pelvis area may involve your ovaries. If this is the case, you will no longer be able to have children. If infertility is a concern, please discuss with your clinician before you start treatment.

Female Pelvis

If you are having treatment to your vagina or vulva there may be skin changes or local swelling. The vagina may become less elastic, drier and tender.

There is also a small risk of narrowing of the vagina. There is a very small risk of developing a hole (fistula) in the bladder or bowel into the vagina. If you have any concerns or worries please speak with your clinician.

Bone fracture

For tumours close to the ribs, there is a small risk that the EBRT may weaken the ribs and cause pain, and in a very small number of cases a rib fracture. For most patients a rib fracture does not cause any symptoms and is incidentally discovered. A small number of patients can experience chest wall pain requiring painkillers, sometimes for a long period of time.

What happens when I finish treatment?

Once you have completed your course of radiotherapy treatment, you will receive a follow-up appointment with your clinician; it may be a telephone consultation. You will receive the appointment through the post. This is usually around 4-8 weeks after treatment has finished, allowing any side effects experienced to settle down.

 USEFUL INFORMATION AND CONTACTS

The information provided in this leaflet should have answered most of your questions. If you have any further questions, please ask any member of your healthcare team.

Should you require further advice on the issues contained in this leaflet, please do not hesitate to contact the Radiotherapy Information and Support Team

(01482) 461206 Email: hyp-tr.radiotherapy.information@nhs.net

 

RESEARCH

Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust is a research-active Trust with a research strategy that includes cancer treatment and care. The radiotherapy department participates in national and international research studies to improvetreatments to make them safer, more effective and to reduce side effects. We also develop patient-centred local research to improve your radiotherapy experience to benefit you and your family. We would like to encourage you to feedback about your experiences and ideas to help us to research the areas that are important to you. Your treatment will not be affected in any way should you not wish to take part.

RADIOTHERAPY STAFF

CLINICAL ONCOLOGIST/REGISTRAR/CONSULTANT THERAPEUTIC RADIOGRPHERS

They are experts in radiotherapy and will be managing your treatment. They will take the responsibility for deciding what dose and how many treatments will be best for you; they will oversee the planning of your treatment. You may see them or a member of their team at your initial planning appointment and you may see them during your treatment.

THERAPEUTIC RADIOGRAPHERS

Therapeutic radiographers of any gender give radiotherapy, they are specialist healthcare professionals who are trained to plan and deliver radiotherapy treatment and to use the specialist equipment deliver radiotherapy. You will usually see the same team of therapeutic radiographers and they will assist you with any questions or problems or refer you to a more appropriate person.

RADIOTHERAPY SUPPORT TEAM

The team consists of Radiotherapy Nurses, Therapeutic Radiographers and Clinical Support Workers (CSW’s), based within the Radiotherapy Department where they actively support and advise patients receiving radiotherapy treatment. They offer advice to patients and their families/carers and are able to make appropriate referrals.

PHYSICISTS, PLANNING DOSIMETRISTS AND MACHINE TECHNICIANS

Medical physicists are specialist scientists who have a key role in the individual planning of your treatment, along with the planning dosimetrists. They may also have an input into the set-up of your treatment. They work together with the machine technicians to ensure that the machines are reliable and working accurately.

 STUDENTS/THERAPEUTIC RADIOGRAPHER APPRENTICES

At some point during your treatment, you may encounter student radiographers/therapeutic radiographer apprentices. Everything they do is fully supervised. If you would prefer our students not to be present during the planning and treatment, please let a member of staff know when you attend for your initial planning appointment.

OTHER MEMBERS OF STAFF

During your treatment course, you may meet our receptionists, dieticians, oncology health staff, patient services staff, porters, and volunteer workers. All are important members of your care team, working together to provide you with high quality healthcare.

 CONTACTS

Here are contact details of useful organisations that provide information and support about cancer including radiotherapy treatments:

Cancer Psychological Service

Can help with achieving the best possible quality of life during and after your journey with cancer.

Offer emotional support and practical help.

Discuss any matters that are concerning you and your family.

For a call back from the drop in team call 01482 461060/461061 Monday- Friday between 8.00am and 4.00pm

Macmillan Cancer Support

Provide information from specialist nurses on all aspects of cancer and its treatment, and on the practical and emotional aspects of living with cancer.

You can drop into the Macmillan Cancer Information Centre at the Queen’s Centre or call them on (01482) 461154 Monday – Friday 9.00am – 5.00pm.

Alternatively, free phone the national help line: 0808 808 0000 Monday – Friday 9.00am – 8.00pm.

Online: http://www.macmillan.org.uk

Write to Macmillan Cancer Support, 89 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7UQ

General advice and Consent

Consent to Treatment

Before any doctor, nurse or therapist examines or treats you, they must seek your consent or permission. In order to make a decision, you need to have information from health professionals about the treatment or investigation, which is being offered to you. You should always ask them more questions if you do not understand or if you want more information.

For radiotherapy, you will be given both verbal and written information and after having time to ask questions, you will be asked to sign a consent form to show you have received enough information and you understand it. The information you receive should be about your condition, the alternatives available to you, and whether it carries risks as well as the benefits. What is important is that your consent is genuine or valid.

That means:

you must be able to give your consent

you must be given enough information to enable you to make a decision

you must be acting under your own free will and not, under the strong influence of another person.

Information about you

We collect and use your information to provide you with care and treatment.  As part of your care, your information will be shared between members of the healthcare team, some of whom you may not meet.  Your information may also be used to help train staff, to check the quality of our care, to manage and plan the health service and to help with research.  Wherever possible we use anonymous data.

We may pass on relevant information to other health or social organisations that provide you with care.  All information is treated as strictly confidential and is not given to anyone who does not need it.  If you have any concerns please ask your doctor, or the person caring for you.

Under the General Data Protection Regulation and the Data Protection Act 2018, we are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of any information we hold about you.  For further information, visit Confidential Information about You

If you or your carer needs information about your health and wellbeing and about your care and treatment in a different format, such as large print, braille or audio, due to disability, impairment or sensory loss, please advise a member of staff and this can be arranged.

This leaflet was produced by the Radiotherapy Department, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and will be reviewed in June 2025 (3 years)

 

 

 

 

 

General Advice and Consent

Most of your questions should have been answered by this leaflet, but remember that this is only a starting point for discussion with the healthcare team.

Consent to treatment

Before any doctor, nurse or therapist examines or treats you, they must seek your consent or permission. In order to make a decision, you need to have information from health professionals about the treatment or investigation which is being offered to you. You should always ask them more questions if you do not understand or if you want more information.

The information you receive should be about your condition, the alternatives available to you, and whether it carries risks as well as the benefits. What is important is that your consent is genuine or valid. That means:

• you must be able to give your consent
• you must be given enough information to enable you to make a decision
• you must be acting under your own free will and not under the strong influence of another person

Information about you

We collect and use your information to provide you with care and treatment. As part of your care, information about you will be shared between members of a healthcare team, some of whom you may not meet. Your information may also be used to help train staff, to check the quality of our care, to manage and plan the health service, and to help with research. Wherever possible we use anonymous data.

We may pass on relevant information to other health organisations that provide you with care. All information is treated as strictly confidential and is not given to anyone who does not need it. If you have any concerns please ask your doctor, or the person caring for you.

Under the General Data Protection Regulation and the Data Protection Act 2018 we are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of any information we hold about you. For further information visit the following page: Confidential Information about You.

If you or your carer needs information about your health and wellbeing and about your care and treatment in a different format, such as large print, braille or audio, due to disability, impairment or sensory loss, please advise a member of staff and this can be arranged.